| I/O 密集型与 CPU 密集型进程的比较 I/O 密集型进程所执行的 I/O 操作比执行的处理操作更多。CPU 密集型的进程所执行的处理操作比 I/O 操作更多。Linux2.6 的调度器实际上更加偏爱 I/O 密集型的进程，因为它们通常会发起一个 I/O操作，然后进行阻塞，这就意味着其他工作都可以在两者之间有效地交错进行。 |
| Linux 上的 AIO AIO 在 2.5 版本的内核中首次出现，现在已经是 2.6 版本的产品内核的一个标准特性了。 |
| API 函数 | 说明 |
| aio_read | 请求异步读操作 |
| aio_error | 检查异步请求的状态 |
| aio_return | 获得完成的异步请求的返回状态 |
| aio_write | 请求异步写操作 |
| aio_suspend | 挂起调用进程，直到一个或多个异步请求已经完成（或失败） |
| aio_cancel | 取消异步 I/O 请求 |
| lio_listio | 发起一系列 I/O 操作 |
struct aiocb {
int aio_fildes; // File Descriptor
int aio_lio_opcode; // Valid only for lio_listio (r/w/nop)
volatile void *aio_buf; // Data Buffer
size_t aio_nbytes; // Number of Bytes in Data Buffer
struct sigevent aio_sigevent; // Notification Structure
/* Internal fields */
...
};
int aio_read( struct aiocb *aiocbp );
#include <aio.h>
...
int fd, ret;
struct aiocb my_aiocb;
fd = open( "file.txt", O_RDONLY );
if (fd < 0) perror("open");
/* Zero out the aiocb structure (recommended) */
bzero( (char *)&my_aiocb, sizeof(struct aiocb) );
/* Allocate a data buffer for the aiocb request */
my_aiocb.aio_buf = malloc(BUFSIZE+1);
if (!my_aiocb.aio_buf) perror("malloc");
/* Initialize the necessary fields in the aiocb */
my_aiocb.aio_fildes = fd;
my_aiocb.aio_nbytes = BUFSIZE;
my_aiocb.aio_offset = 0;
ret = aio_read( &my_aiocb );
if (ret < 0) perror("aio_read");
while ( aio_error( &my_aiocb ) == EINPROGRESS ) ;
if ((ret = aio_return( &my_iocb )) > 0) {
/* got ret bytes on the read */
} else {
/* read failed, consult errno */
}
| 使用 AIO 接口来编译程序 我们可以在 aio.h 头文件中找到函数原型和其他需要的符号。在编译使用这种接口的程序时，我们必须使用 POSIX 实时扩展库（librt）。 |
int aio_error( struct aiocb *aiocbp );
ssize_t aio_return( struct aiocb *aiocbp );
int aio_write( struct aiocb *aiocbp );
int aio_suspend( const struct aiocb *const cblist[], int n, const struct timespec *timeout );
struct aioct *cblist[MAX_LIST]
/* Clear the list. */
bzero( (char *)cblist, sizeof(cblist) );
/* Load one or more references into the list */
cblist[0] = &my_aiocb;
ret = aio_read( &my_aiocb );
ret = aio_suspend( cblist, MAX_LIST, NULL );
int aio_cancel( int fd, struct aiocb *aiocbp );
int lio_listio( int mode, struct aiocb *list[], int nent, struct sigevent *sig );
struct aiocb aiocb1, aiocb2;
struct aiocb *list[MAX_LIST];
...
/* Prepare the first aiocb */
aiocb1.aio_fildes = fd;
aiocb1.aio_buf = malloc( BUFSIZE+1 );
aiocb1.aio_nbytes = BUFSIZE;
aiocb1.aio_offset = next_offset;
aiocb1.aio_lio_opcode = LIO_READ;
...
bzero( (char *)list, sizeof(list) );
list[0] = &aiocb1;
list[1] = &aiocb2;
ret = lio_listio( LIO_WAIT, list, MAX_LIST, NULL );
void setup_io( ... )
{
int fd;
struct sigaction sig_act;
struct aiocb my_aiocb;
...
/* Set up the signal handler */
sigemptyset(&sig_act.sa_mask);
sig_act.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
sig_act.sa_sigaction = aio_completion_handler;
/* Set up the AIO request */
bzero( (char *)&my_aiocb, sizeof(struct aiocb) );
my_aiocb.aio_fildes = fd;
my_aiocb.aio_buf = malloc(BUF_SIZE+1);
my_aiocb.aio_nbytes = BUF_SIZE;
my_aiocb.aio_offset = next_offset;
/* Link the AIO request with the Signal Handler */
my_aiocb.aio_sigevent.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
my_aiocb.aio_sigevent.sigev_signo = SIGIO;
my_aiocb.aio_sigevent.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &my_aiocb;
/* Map the Signal to the Signal Handler */
ret = sigaction( SIGIO, &sig_act, NULL );
...
ret = aio_read( &my_aiocb );
}
void aio_completion_handler( int signo, siginfo_t *info, void *context )
{
struct aiocb *req;
/* Ensure it's our signal */
if (info->si_signo == SIGIO) {
req = (struct aiocb *)info->si_value.sival_ptr;
/* Did the request complete? */
if (aio_error( req ) == 0) {
/* Request completed successfully, get the return status */
ret = aio_return( req );
}
}
return;
}
void setup_io( ... )
{
int fd;
struct aiocb my_aiocb;
...
/* Set up the AIO request */
bzero( (char *)&my_aiocb, sizeof(struct aiocb) );
my_aiocb.aio_fildes = fd;
my_aiocb.aio_buf = malloc(BUF_SIZE+1);
my_aiocb.aio_nbytes = BUF_SIZE;
my_aiocb.aio_offset = next_offset;
/* Link the AIO request with a thread callback */
my_aiocb.aio_sigevent.sigev_notify = SIGEV_THREAD;
my_aiocb.aio_sigevent.notify_function = aio_completion_handler;
my_aiocb.aio_sigevent.notify_attributes = NULL;
my_aiocb.aio_sigevent.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &my_aiocb;
...
ret = aio_read( &my_aiocb );
}
void aio_completion_handler( sigval_t sigval )
{
struct aiocb *req;
req = (struct aiocb *)sigval.sival_ptr;
/* Did the request complete? */
if (aio_error( req ) == 0) {
/* Request completed successfully, get the return status */
ret = aio_return( req );
}
return;
}
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